Part one of a four part series on the fundamental forces (or interactions) of physics begins with the strong force or strong interaction - which on the small scale holds quarks together to form ...

Alfredo has a PhD in Astrophysics and a Master's in Quantum Fields and Fundamental Forces from Imperial College London. Alfredo has a PhD in Astrophysics and a Master's in Quantum Fields and ...

Hints of a new fundamental interaction are starting to look less like statistical ghosts and more like a pattern that refuses to go away. From the strange wobble of subatomic particles to puzzling ...

Researchers have discovered that molecules experience non-reciprocal interactions without external forces. Fundamental forces such as gravity and electromagnetism are reciprocal, where two objects are ...

What is a Surface Force Apparatus (SFA)? The Surface Force Apparatus (SFA) is a highly sensitive scientific instrument used to measure the forces between two surfaces at the nanoscale. It allows ...