The Ca 2+ levels, released by agonist-induced activity of phospholipase C, determine which contractile pathway is activated. In the following subsections we discuss in some detail some of the steps ...

Keeping a muscle clenched usually tires it out eventually, but that’s not the case for sphincters, which do things a little ...

A Richmond biotech company recently took a step forward with the first human implantation of its product. Cellf Bio makes a bioengineered sphincter muscle. The treatment helps patients with fecal ...