The three-terminal TL431 voltage regulator is commonly found in switching power converters and instrumentation as a voltage reference. It is seemingly simple, yet has subtleties, including missing ...

Using a “trick,” a switching or linear regulator can generate lower voltages than the feedback voltage. It requires another positive supply voltage connected to the resistive divider to adjust the ...

We submerge somewhat deeper into analysis of the seemingly simple TL431 voltage reference with transconductance amplifier to find that some useful design parameters are missing from the manufacturer ...